(security-basics)=

# Security settings

:::{important}
You should not run JupyterHub without SSL encryption on a public network.
:::

Security is the most important aspect of configuring Jupyter.
Three (3) configuration settings are the main aspects of security configuration:

1. {ref}`SSL encryption <ssl-encryption>` (to enable HTTPS)
2. {ref}`Cookie secret <cookie-secret>` (a key for encrypting browser cookies)
3. Proxy {ref}`authentication token <authentication-token>` (used for the Hub and
   other services to authenticate to the Proxy)

The Hub hashes all secrets (e.g. auth tokens) before storing them in its
database. A loss of control over read-access to the database should have
minimal impact on your deployment. If your database has been compromised, it
is still a good idea to revoke existing tokens.

(ssl-encryption)=

## Enabling SSL encryption

Since JupyterHub includes authentication and allows arbitrary code execution,
you should not run it without SSL (HTTPS).

### Using an SSL certificate

This will require you to obtain an official, trusted SSL certificate or create a
self-signed certificate. Once you have obtained and installed a key and
certificate, you need to specify their locations in the `jupyterhub_config.py`
configuration file as follows:

```python
c.JupyterHub.ssl_key = '/path/to/my.key'
c.JupyterHub.ssl_cert = '/path/to/my.cert'
```

Some cert files also contain the key, in which case only the cert is needed. It
is important that these files be put in a secure location on your server, where
they are not readable by regular users.

If you are using a **chain certificate**, see also chained certificate for SSL
in the JupyterHub [Troubleshooting FAQ](troubleshooting).

### Using letsencrypt

It is also possible to use [letsencrypt](https://letsencrypt.org/) to obtain
a free, trusted SSL certificate. If you run letsencrypt using the default
options, the needed configuration is (replace `mydomain.tld` by your fully
qualified domain name):

```python
c.JupyterHub.ssl_key = '/etc/letsencrypt/live/{mydomain.tld}/privkey.pem'
c.JupyterHub.ssl_cert = '/etc/letsencrypt/live/{mydomain.tld}/fullchain.pem'
```

If the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) is `example.com`, the following
would be the needed configuration:

```python
c.JupyterHub.ssl_key = '/etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem'
c.JupyterHub.ssl_cert = '/etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem'
```

### If SSL termination happens outside of the Hub

In certain cases, for example, if the hub is running behind a reverse proxy, and
[SSL termination is being provided by NGINX](https://www.nginx.com/resources/admin-guide/nginx-ssl-termination/),
it is reasonable to run the hub without SSL.

To achieve this, remove `c.JupyterHub.ssl_key` and `c.JupyterHub.ssl_cert`
from your configuration (setting them to `None` or an empty string does not
have the same effect, and will result in an error).

(authentication-token)=

## Proxy authentication token

The Hub authenticates its requests to the Proxy using a secret token that
the Hub and Proxy agree upon. Note that this applies to the default
`ConfigurableHTTPProxy` implementation. Not all proxy implementations
use an auth token.

The value of this token should be a random string (for example, generated by
`openssl rand -hex 32`). You can store it in the configuration file or an
environment variable.

### Generating and storing token in the configuration file

You can set the value in the configuration file, `jupyterhub_config.py`:

```python
c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.api_token = 'abc123...' # any random string
```

### Generating and storing as an environment variable

You can pass this value of the proxy authentication token to the Hub and Proxy
using the `CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN` environment variable:

```bash
export CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN=$(openssl rand -hex 32)
```

This environment variable needs to be visible to the Hub and Proxy.

### Default if token is not set

If you do not set the Proxy authentication token, the Hub will generate a random
key itself. This means that any time you restart the Hub, you **must also
restart the Proxy**. If the proxy is a subprocess of the Hub, this should happen
automatically (this is the default configuration).

(cookie-secret)=

## Cookie secret

The cookie secret is an encryption key, used to encrypt the browser cookies,
which are used for authentication. Three common methods are described for
generating and configuring the cookie secret.

### Generating and storing as a cookie secret file

The cookie secret should be 32 random bytes, encoded as hex, and is typically
stored in a `jupyterhub_cookie_secret` file. Below, is an example command to generate the
`jupyterhub_cookie_secret` file:

```bash
openssl rand -hex 32 > /srv/jupyterhub/jupyterhub_cookie_secret
```

In most deployments of JupyterHub, you should point this to a secure location on
the file system, such as `/srv/jupyterhub/jupyterhub_cookie_secret`.

The location of the `jupyterhub_cookie_secret` file can be specified in the
`jupyterhub_config.py` file as follows:

```python
c.JupyterHub.cookie_secret_file = '/srv/jupyterhub/jupyterhub_cookie_secret'
```

If the cookie secret file doesn't exist when the Hub starts, a new cookie
secret is generated and stored in the file. The file must not be readable by
`group` or `other`, otherwise the server won't start. The recommended permissions
for the cookie secret file are `600` (owner-only rw).

### Generating and storing as an environment variable

If you would like to avoid the need for files, the value can be loaded in the
Hub process from the `JPY_COOKIE_SECRET` environment variable, which is a
hex-encoded string. You can set it this way:

```bash
export JPY_COOKIE_SECRET=$(openssl rand -hex 32)
```

For security reasons, this environment variable should only be visible to the
Hub. If you set it dynamically as above, all users will be logged out each time
the Hub starts.

### Generating and storing as a binary string

You can also set the cookie secret, as a binary string,
in the configuration file (`jupyterhub_config.py`) itself:

```python
c.JupyterHub.cookie_secret = bytes.fromhex('64 CHAR HEX STRING')
```

(cookies)=

## Cookies used by JupyterHub authentication

The following cookies are used by the Hub for handling user authentication.

This section was created based on this [post] from Discourse.

### jupyterhub-hub-login

This is the login token used when visiting Hub-served pages that are
protected by authentication, such as the main home, the spawn form, etc.
If this cookie is set, then the user is logged in.

Resetting the Hub cookie secret effectively revokes this cookie.

This cookie is restricted to the path `/hub/`.

### jupyterhub-user-\<username>

This is the cookie used for authenticating with a single-user server.
It is set by the single-user server, after OAuth with the Hub.

Effectively the same as `jupyterhub-hub-login`, but for the
single-user server instead of the Hub. It contains an OAuth access token,
which is checked with the Hub to authenticate the browser.

Each OAuth access token is associated with a session id (see `jupyterhub-session-id` section
below).

To avoid hitting the Hub on every request, the authentication response is cached.
The cache key is comprised of both the token and session id, to avoid a stale cache.

Resetting the Hub cookie secret effectively revokes this cookie.

This cookie is restricted to the path `/user/<username>`,
to ensure that only the user’s server receives it.

### jupyterhub-session-id

This is a random string, meaningless in itself, and the only cookie
shared by the Hub and single-user servers.

Its sole purpose is to coordinate the logout of the multiple OAuth cookies.

This cookie is set to `/` so all endpoints can receive it, clear it, etc.

### jupyterhub-user-\<username>-oauth-state

A short-lived cookie, used solely to store and validate OAuth state.
It is only set while OAuth between the single-user server and the Hub
is processing.

If you use your browser development tools, you should see this cookie
for a very brief moment before you are logged in,
with an expiration date shorter than `jupyterhub-hub-login` or
`jupyterhub-user-<username>`.

This cookie should not exist after you have successfully logged in.

This cookie is restricted to the path `/user/<username>`, so that only
the user’s server receives it.

[post]: https://discourse.jupyter.org/t/how-to-force-re-login-for-users/1998/6